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Operation Olive Leaves
Operation Olive Leaves ((ヘブライ語:מבצע עלי זית) ''Alei Zayit'') also known as Operation Kinneret (the Israeli name for the Sea of Galilee) was an Israeli reprisal operation undertaken on December 10–11, 1955, against fortified Syrian emplacements near the north-eastern shores of the Sea of Galilee. The raid was prompted by repeated Syrian attacks on Israeli fishing in the Sea of Galilee.〔''Encyclopedia Judaica'', Vol. 9 Macmillan 1971, p. 386〕 The successful operation resulted in the destruction of the Syrian emplacements. The Syrians also sustained fifty-four killed in action. Another thirty were taken prisoner. There were six IDF fatalities.〔 Spencer Tucker, ''The encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli conflict'', ABC-CLIO, (2008) p. 232〕
==Background==
Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Syria refused to sign a peace treaty with Israel but did agree to stipulate to an armistice.〔P. R. Kumaraswamy, ''The A to Z of the Arab-Israeli conflict'', Scarcrow Press, Inc. (2006) p. 30〕 The armistice arrangement, signed on July 20, 1949〔Walter Eytan, ''The First Ten Years'', Simon & Schuster (1958), p. 44〕 provided for the establishment of demilitarized zones (DZ) on the border between Israel and Syria. Disputes soon arose concerning sovereignty over the DZs leading to periodic border clashes and constant border tensions.〔 Despite the fact that the armistice agreement had placed the demarcation line ten meters east of the sea, and the international border passed inland from the east bank of the Sea of Galilee, which placed the entire sea and surrounding shoreline under Israeli sovereignty, the Syrians placed their military positions directly on the shoreline, and Syrian gunners frequently fired at Israeli fishermen approaching the northeastern shore. Moreover, there were a number of border transgressions involving Syrian fishermen and farmers, who, under the protection of Syrian guns, continued utilize the sea for fishing and irrigation.〔 Israeli patrol boats sent to enforce Israeli sovereignty rights were frequently fired on from Syrian emplacements east of the shoreline. On the day before the operation, an Israeli police boat approaching the sea's northwestern shore was fired on by Syrian guns.〔〔
Israel's newly re-elected Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion decided that a response was necessary, and ordered a large-scale operation to destroy Syrian gun emplacements along the shoreline in response to the "extended period of Syrian provocative actions and extended shootings". In addition, the Israelis hoped to take Syrian prisoners who could be exchanged for four Israelis held captive by Syria under brutal and inhumane conditions.〔Ze'evi Derori, ''Israel's reprisal policy, 1953–1956: the dynamics of military retaliation'', Frank Cass (2005), p. 157〕〔Ephraim Kahana, ''Historical dictionary of Israeli intelligence'', (Scarecrow 2006) pp. 118–119〕 Ariel Sharon was given overall command of the operation.〔Derori (2005), p. 159〕 Foreign Minister Moshe Sharett was in the United States to negotiate a possible arms purchase at the time.〔David Vital, Abraham Ben-Zvi, Aaron S. Klieman, ''Global Politics: essays in honor of David Vital'' (Frank Cass, 2001) p. 182〕
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